英语翻译The application program interface,or API,acts as an inteface for application programs and utilities to access the internal services provided by the operating system,these include file services,I/O services,data communication services,user

英语翻译The application program interface,or API,acts as an inteface for application programs and utilities to access the internal services provided by the operating system,these include file services,I/O services,data communication services,user
英语翻译
The application program interface,or API,acts as an inteface for application programs and utilities to access the internal services provided by the operating system,these include file services,I/O services,data communication services,user interface services,program execution services,and more.
many of the internal services are provided by the kernel module.The remaining services are provided by other modules that are controlled by the kernel.The kernel manages memory by locating and allocating space to programs that need it,schedules time for each application to execute,provides communication between programs that are being executed.manages and arranges servives and resources that are provided by other modules,and provides security.
The file management system allocates and manages secondary storage space and translates file requests from their name-based form into specific I/O requests.The actual storage and retrieval of the files is performed by the I/O drivers that comprise the I/O component.Each I/O driver control one or more hardware devices of similar type.
Network module controls interaction between the computer system and the network(s)to which it is attached.
The operating system software is nearly always stored on a hard disk,but on a few systems the operating system is actually provided as a network service when the system is turned on.In either case.The bootstrap program in the operating system is stored within the computer using a type of memory known as ROM.The bootstrap program provides the tools to test the system and to load the remainder of the operating system from the disk or network.
One operating system might be better suited to some computing tasks than others.To provide clues to their strengths and weaknesses,operating systems are informally categorized and characterized using one or more of the following terms:
(1) A single-user operating system expects to deal with one set of input devices -those that can be controlled by one user at a time.Operating systems for handheld computers and many personal computers fit into the single-user category.
(2)A multiuser operating system is derigned to deal with input,output,and processing requests from many users-all at the same time.One of its most difficult responsibilities is to schedule all of the processing requests that must be performed by a centralized computer-often a mainframe.
(3)A network operating system(also referred to as a'server operating system') provides communications and routing services that allow compoters to share data,programs,and peripheral devices.Novell Netware,for example,is almost always referred to as a network operating system.
The difference between network services and multiuser services can seem alittle hazy.The main difference,however,is that multiuser operating systems schedule requests for processing on a centralized computer,whereas a network operating system simply routes data and programs to each user's local computer,

英语翻译The application program interface,or API,acts as an inteface for application programs and utilities to access the internal services provided by the operating system,these include file services,I/O services,data communication services,user
应用程序接口（API）充当一个为应用程序和实用程序获得操作系统提供的内部服务如档案服务、输入输出服务、数据通信服务、用户接口服务、程序执行服务等等的接口.
许多的内部服务是由核心模组提供的.剩下的服务是由其他被核心模组控制的模块提供的.核心模组通过把空间定位和分配给需要的程序来管理内存,为每一个应用程序的执行安排时间,为已执行的程序提供信息交流,管理并安排其它模组提供的服务和资源,提供保障.
档案管理系统分配并管理辅助存储器的空间并把基于名称的请求转化为特定的输入输出请求.实际的文件存储和检索是由输入输出元件组成的输入输出驱动执行的.每一个输入输出驱动控制一个或多个相似类型的硬件部件.
网络模块控制电脑系统及和它连接的网络之间的交互.
操作系统软件几乎总是储存在一个硬盘上,但在一些系统中操作系统实际上是系统在（输入或输出）任意一种情况下被打开时作为一个网络服务系统.操作系统的引导程序是通过一种被称为只读存储器的记忆体存储在计算机中.引导程序提供工具来测试系统及从磁盘或网络加载剩余的操作系统.
一个操作系统可能会更适合于某些的计算任务.为了厘清它们的能力和弱点,人们非正式地使用以下一个或多个术语将操作系统分类并描述其特点：
（1）单用户操作系统是为了处理一系列可被一个用户同时控制的输入设备.掌上电脑和多台个人电脑的操作系统都属于单用户范畴.
（2）多用户操作系统的设计是为了处理多位用户同时做出的输入、输出和处理命令.其最困难的责任之一就是安排所有处理命令的进度,这些命令必须由一台中央计算机（通常是一台主机）来处理.
（3）网络操作系统（也称服务器操作系统）提供交流和路由服务,允许计算机之间共享数据、程序和外围设备.例如Novell Netware大多数时间都被当作一个网络操作系统.
网络服务和多用户服务之间的差别似乎有点模糊.然而,主要的区别是：多用户操作系统为中央计算机的处理安排要求,而网络操作系统简单地按指定路线给每个用户的电脑发送数据和程序.