英语的状语从句和定语从句的具体用法?

英语的状语从句和定语从句的具体用法?
英语的状语从句和定语从句的具体用法?

英语的状语从句和定语从句的具体用法?
定语：可以由形容词、代词、数量词、
名词、副词、不定代词、介词短语等来担任.
如果是一个从句担任定语,那么这个从句就是定语从句.
The girl who is standing there is Mary.
定语从句
定语从句的概念：
在主从复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的 从句叫定语从句.
The girl who is standing there is Mary.
先行词 关系词
先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词. 关系词： 引导定语从句的词.
关系词的分类：关系代词和关系副词
关系词 先行词所指 关系词在定语
从句中的作用
关系
代词 that 人 / 物 主、宾、表语
which 物/事情 主、宾、表语（偶）
who 人 主、宾、表语
whom 人 宾语、表语
whose 人 / 物 定语
as 人 / 物/事情 主、宾、表语
关系
副词 when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
选择关系代词还是关系副词要依据先行词
在定语从句中所作的成分,关系词在从句中作主语、宾语,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which)；作定语时用whose引导定语从句.
关系词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语).
比较：
①I live in Wuxi,which is famous for Taihu Lake．②I live in Wuxi,where Taihu Lake is protected by law．
例①,which在从句中作主语；where在从句中作状语.
1. 两种定语从句的区别
二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
类别 意义 功能 形式 关系代词
限定性定语从句
起限定作用. 若省略,原句意义不完整 修饰先行词 无逗号隔开
有that 作宾语时可以省略

非限定性定语从句
起补充说明作用.若省略,原句意义不受影响. 修饰先行词 /修饰 整个句子 有逗号与主句隔开 无that 不可以省略
2. 只用非限制性定语从句的三种情况：
(1). He was late again, (which) made his teacher very angry.
当关系代词指代整个主句内容时.
(2).(The moon), which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, goes around the earth.
当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物时.
(3). Yesterday he left (America), where he had stayed for two years.
先行词是人名、地名、国名、建筑物等专有名词时.
定语从句的解题思路:
1.通读全句.首先判断是什么句型.
2.题干句如果是疑问句式,将其转化为
陈述句式.
3. 分析定语从句的句子结构.在定语从句中,缺什么句子成分,就补什么：当缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语时时,用关系代词；当缺少状语时,用关系副词.
4. 注意标点符号和题干中是否存在并列连词（and, but,so）等.
who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who做主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略）,可以指人也可以指物.在从句中所起作用如下： (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗?（who/that在从句中作主语） (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
Whose 用来指人或物
(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换,指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替） (1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙. (2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书.
which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如： (1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.（which / that在句中作主语）
状语从句
时间状从
When
whenever
When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.
当我进屋时,他正在写信.
We shall go there whenever we are free.
我们什么时间有空,我们就去那里.
when指的是“某一具体的时间”
whenever指的是“在任何时间”

when
I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.
我正在街上走着,这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀.
when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末.

while
While it was raining, they went out.
天下雨的时候,他们出去了.
I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在.
while指“在某一段时间里”,“在…期间”,while引导的动作必须是持续性的

as
He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
他赶快回家,不时地一边走一边向后看.
as引导持续性动作,强调主句和从句的动作同时发生

before
Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生,再做先生.


after
He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后,他到了.


till
We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来.
如主句动词是持续性动作,常用肯定式,表示“直到…为止”

until
She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .
她到11点钟才停止工作.
Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.
她站在那里看着,直到看不见他的身影.
如主句动词是瞬间动词,常用否定式,表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调,一般用until

since

as soon as
Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.
自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化.
As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.
我一到上海就给你写信.
状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开,如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号.

hardly…when

no sooner…than
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
我刚一到家,就下雨了.
=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.
我们刚到车站,火车就走了.
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
我们刚开始就被叫停.
hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情,主句为过去完成时,从句为过去时,如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强,而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装

every time, by the time, the moment等
Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.
我每次乘船都晕船.
The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.
我一听到这首歌,就感到很愉快.
Next time you come ,you’ll see him.
下次你来的时候,就会见到他.
在时间状语从句中,不能用将来时或过去将来时,而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时

地点状从
where
wherever
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成.
Where there is water there is life.哪里有水,哪里就有生命.
You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去.
Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律.
where与wherever意义基本相同,但后者语气较强,多用于书面语

原因状从
because
I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.
昨天我回来晚了,因为我值班.
because用来回答why 的问题,语气最强

since
Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.
既然大家都到了,我们开始开会.
since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首

as
As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .
由于他英语懂得不多,他在字典中查阅这个单词.
从句常放在句首,说明原因,主句说明结果,常用于口语中.

now that, seeing that
Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.
鉴于天气已经晴朗,我们可以启程了.
Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.
鉴于他病情严重,我们派人去请医生去了.
seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似,他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思,that可以省去

目的状从

that

so that

in order that

lest = for fear that
I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码记下来,以免忘记.
We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
我把真实情况告诉你,使你能自己作出判断.
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作,为了能提前完成工作.
ahead of time adv.提早
Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.
多穿点衣服,以免感冒.
目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前,从句往往放在主句之后,主从句之间不用任何标点符号

结果状从
so that

so…that
We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
我们把收音机的音量放大,大家都听到了新闻.
He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
他十分激动,以致一句话都说不出来.
so that前有逗号为结果状语从句
so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词

such…that
He gave such important reasons that he was excused.
他说出了这么重要的理由,得到大家的谅解.
It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.
It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.
这是一本十分有趣的书,大家都想看.
such…that的such后面跟名词,如果名词是单数就要用such a /an…that还可以转换用so…that,语气较强

条件状从

if

unless

as/so long as
in case
so far as
Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
如果我们不怕困难,困难就算不了什么了.
We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.
除非下雨,我们明天就去那里.
= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.
So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
只要你努力工作,你就一定能成功.
In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了,请提醒我一下.
in case
conj. 万一
So far as I know, the book will be published next month.
据我所知,那本书下月出版.
unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式.unless和if…not同义,unless是书面语,if…not是口语,通常二者可以换用
条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时

方式状从
as

as if…
as though
Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫.
Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做.
She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了.
He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生.
They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.
他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口.
此处as译为：按照或正如
as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样.从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实,也可以用虚拟语气

让步状从

although
though
Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.
虽然他六十多岁了,但仍开始学习法语 .
We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.
虽然我们干了一天活,但并不累.
在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用.though / although意义相同,用法基本一样,前者通俗,口语化,后者正式多放主句的前面

even if,even though
I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨,我也要去.
even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味,多用于书面语中

as
Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子,但他懂得很多.
Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.
虽然天气冷,但孩子们仍在户外玩.
as引出的状语从句多用于书面语,它比用
though或although引导的从句,语气强,更有表现力,从句常放在句首,语序部分倒装.

no matter (who, what when, where which, how…)
Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干.
No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙,他都每天坚持学习英语.
No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.
不管谁为我处理这件事,我都将非常感激.
no matter……与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样,no matter……引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后


wh+ever (whatever whoever ,whenever whichever ,however)
Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.
无论发生什么,我们都不要失去信心.
Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来,都会受到欢迎.


比较状从
as…as ,
not so/as…as
the same…as
such…as
Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大.
He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那样快.
His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样.
the same as 与...同样的

Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如彼得那样好.
连词表示同程度级的比较,肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as

…than…
She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.
她今年比去年进步更大.
He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少.


the more
…the more…
The more you read, the better you understand.
你看的书越多,你懂得的就越多.
The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.
你卖的票越多,你的收入也越多.
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
你工作越努力,你取得的进步就越大.
The sooner, the better.越快越好.
The warmer, the better.越暖和越好.
the more…the more 意思为越…越…,通常的语序为从句在前主句在后,这两个the都是表示程度的副词,用在比较级的形容词或副词前面.

我收藏的有，不过很多，你一定要耐心看奥，我的只是定语从句，状语从句你可以看他们的。加油
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be...

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我收藏的有，不过很多，你一定要耐心看奥，我的只是定语从句，状语从句你可以看他们的。加油
内容提要
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
2. 从句中缺成分
摘自《简明英语语法》
在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。
非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。）
更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
（此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：
The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情）。太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作"。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。

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